水果及其制品中果胶含量的比色法测定条件优化

为研究水果及其制品中果胶测定方法,以半乳糖醛酸为标准物质,对硫酸-咔唑比色法测定水果及其制品中果胶含量的比色条件如吸收波长、咔唑-无水乙醇溶液用量、硫酸用量、显色温度、显色时间、显色后稳定时间等进行了优化和系统研究。结果表明,最佳显色条件为在1.0 mL滤液中,加入0.25 mL 0.1%咔唑-无水乙醇溶液,迅速加入5.0 mL硫酸,在85℃水浴中加热20 min,自来水浴中冷却,显色后1.5 h内在525 nm波长条件下测定。在此条件下,标准曲线线性范围广、相关性良好,精密度和准确度高,均符合相关标准要求。     

采后热空气处理对嘎拉苹果质地的影响及其作用机理

应用整果穿刺(Puncture)和质地多面分析(TPA)的方法研究采后热处理(38℃4d)对嘎拉苹果质地的影响,同时研究热处理对果实不同溶解性果胶含量的影响,建立不同溶解性果胶含量与果肉硬度之间的相关性。研究发现,2种测试方法都能较好的反映苹果质地特点;嘎拉苹果的果肉硬度与水溶性果胶含量呈极显著的负相关,与碳酸钠溶性果胶呈极显著的正相关,而与CDTA(环乙二胺四乙酸)溶性果胶、硫酸溶性果胶、总果胶含量没有显著的相关性。采后热处理能显著提高贮藏后期嘎拉苹果的果皮和果肉硬度、果肉的凝聚性、咀嚼性和回复性,这主要是由于热处理显著减少了嘎拉苹果水溶性果胶含量的上升,并维持较高的碳酸钠溶性果胶,但对CDTA溶性果胶、硫酸溶性果胶和总果胶没有显著的影响。     

棉花GhPME1和GhPME2基因的克隆及表达分析

本研究旨在对棉花来源的果胶甲酯酶基因进行克隆和功能分析。通过RACE技术克隆了2个棉花果胶甲酯酶基因的cDNA,命名为GhPME1和GhPME2。序列分析发现:GhPME1和GhPME2的最大开放阅读框分别为1 704和1 752bp,分别编码含有567和582个氨基酸的蛋白质。蛋白质结构预测显示这2个蛋白结构相似,包含PMEI和Pectinesterase结构域。RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR结果显示在陆地棉的纤维发育过程中,GhPME1和GhPME2的表达峰值分别在9和4DPA(开花后天数),然后依次降低。而在海岛棉纤维中,这2个基因的表达均呈现逐渐上升的趋势,表达峰值分别出现在开花后24和29DPA。GhPME1和GhPME2在海岛棉和陆地棉棉纤维中的表达差异初步证明该基因家族的功能可能与棉纤维品质相关。     

Antibody-based assay for galacturonan deesterification on wood pulp fibers during bleaching

Antibodies recognizing galacturonan were used in immunoassays for industrial unbleached and hydrogen peroxide-bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). The assays were based on a colorimetric method using specific monoclonal antibody recognition of acidic and methylated homogalacturonan, respectively, on the pulp fiber surfaces. Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibodies were linked to the galacturonan specific antibodies, and an alkaline phosphatase substrate (p-nitrophenylphosphate) was used to develop a yellow reaction product that can be followed spectrophotometrically. Together the newly developed immunoassays were able to describe the deesterification, specifically, of surface-localized galacturonan on CTMP, induced by alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Unbleached CTMP showed relatively more labeling by methylated galacturonan recognizing antibodies, whereas bleached CTMP was relatively more labeled for acidic galacturonan. The increase in negative charge of the bleached pulp was also shown by polyelectrolyte titration; the negative surface charge was 9.3 μeq g⁻¹ in unbleached CTMP and 21.7 μeq g⁻¹ in bleached pulp.     

苹果果实软化与果胶含量、质膜透性和钙溶性的关系

以金冠、新红星、富士和碣石红苹果品种为试材，研究表明，在室温贮藏过程中，软化快的金冠、新红星果肉细胞的质膜透性和水溶性果胶含量显著增高，原果胶含量明显降低，而软化慢的富士和碣石红变化较小。果实中钙溶性以水溶性钙最多，贮藏期间，金冠、新红星苹果水溶性钙下降较为明显，其他溶性的钙含量无明显的变化，而富士、碣石红的钙溶性变化无明显的规律。     

果实成熟软化机理研究进展

综述了果实成熟软化方面的研究资料,介绍了果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁组分和结构的变化以及相关机理的研究进展。研究认为果实的软化与PE(果胶甲酯酶)、PG(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)、纤维素酶等酶的活性增强有关,果实成熟过程中PE、PG等细胞壁酶活性升高,使果胶、纤维素、半纤维素等细胞壁物质降解,细胞壁超微结构发生变化,从而引起果实硬度下降,果实变软。酶活性的升高受基因的调控,采后生物技术的研究为抑制果实成熟软化提供了新的途径。     

果胶生产中有关化学问题的探讨

本文简述了离子交换树脂法生产果胶的工艺流程,着重讨论了用此法生产果胶中的有关化学问题。     

柑橘果皮果胶及其酶活性对皱皮果形成的影响

 研究‘红127’甜橙和‘红江橙’的果皮果胶质、果胶甲酯酶( PE) 及皱皮果率的差异。结果表明, 抗皱皮的‘红127’甜橙皱皮果发生率为7.06% , 而‘红江橙’皱皮果发生率高达28.03%; 皱皮出现在阴面果皮占86%以上。‘红江橙’PE在果实成熟时(12月15日) 比成熟前( 10月1日) 增加2.6倍, 水溶性果胶(WP) 增加8.27倍, 总果胶( TP) 增加65% , 盐酸可溶性果胶(HP) 减少54%。‘红127’甜橙果皮的PE变化较小。PE与WP极显著正相关, 与HP极显著负相关。‘红江橙’TP、WP及PE明显高于‘红127’甜橙, 而HP以‘红127’甜橙的高。阴面比阳面果皮有较多的TP、WP和PE, HP则以阳面果皮为高。皱皮果的TP、WP、PE高于正常果, 而HP则少于正常果。六偏磷酸盐可溶性果胶( PP) 在两种果实上没有差异。     

1-MCP对柿果实软化及果胶物质代谢的影响

以扁花柿为试材,研究了20℃下10μL/L的1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对柿果实成熟软化及其果胶物质代谢的影响。结果表明:1-MCP处理不仅可推迟柿果实呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰的出现,而且还推迟了柿果实PE、PG和β-Gal酶活性的增加,从而延缓原果胶降解以及水溶性果胶含量增加,保持果肉硬度,延长贮藏期限。     

Ultrastructural and cell wall modifications during infection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus viminalis</Emphasis> roots by a pathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> strain

Fusarium species are soil-borne fungal pathogens that produce a variety of disease symptoms when attacking crop plants. The mode of root colonization of Eucalyptus viminalis seedlings by a pathogenic F. oxyporum strain (Foeu1) at the ultrastructural level and changes in cell wall pectin during host pathogen interactions are described. Root systems of E. viminalis plants were inoculated with F. oxysporum in an in vitro model system. Hyphae of F. oxysporum adhered to the outer epidermal cell walls through fibrillar material, and after penetration they spread into the internal tissues. They developed intercellularly and intracellularly in the root cortex and invaded vascular tissues. Papillae were induced, and the host plasma membrane ruptured in colonized cells, causing rapid host tissue and cell damage. Changes in distribution and occurrence of nonesterified and methyl-esterified pectins were evaluated after root colonization by F. oxysporum using two monoclonal antibodies, JIM 5 and JIM 7, respectively. Nonesterified pectin in control roots was mainly localized in the epidermal cell walls and middle lamellae in parenchymal cortex, whereas methyl-esterified pectin accumulated more in primary cell walls of the cortex and phloem. Decreases in immunodetected nonesterified and methyl-esterified pectins were associated with extensive plant tissue degradation after root colonization by the pathogenic fungus.